日本发射5.78亿美元MMX任务,要从火卫一带回样本
日本于10月20日发射火星卫星探测飞船(MMX),这项耗资5.78亿美元的任务将从火卫一取回至少10克物质[9][13]。

MMX于当地时间10月20日凌晨4时41分从日本南部的种子岛宇宙中心升空[1][4][9]。换算为美国东部时间,是10月19日下午3时41分[1][9]。
如果一切顺利,地球上的实验室将首次拿到来自火星系统的实物样本。这些物质有可能了结持续数十年的争论:火卫一和火卫二究竟是怎么形成的[4][9][13]。这次发射也让日本的H3火箭第一次飞向行星际空间,五家航天机构由此共同投入一次为期五年的往返旅程[7][8][11]。在那之前,起源问题仍然悬着。星箭分离发生在起飞约71分钟后。JAXA项目负责人川胜康弘说,飞船已经展开太阳能电池板,处于“非常稳定的状态”[1][9]。任务耗资5.78亿美元[9][13]。飞船预计在飞行约10个月后,于2027年8月抵达火星[1][8][13]。
火卫一能回答的问题
几十年来,科学家一直在争论:火卫一和火卫二是被捕获的小行星,还是火星遭巨大撞击后抛入轨道的碎块[4][6][8]。遥感仪器没能给出答案[7]。实验室里的样本也许可以[7][8]。
目标是至少10克物质[4][11][12][13]。MMX将在火卫一表面分两次着陆采集[1][4][12]。火卫一比火星本身更容易下手,因为它引力微弱,探测器降落和离开都不需要沉重的推进系统[12][13]。它有多大,取决于谁在测量:宽约22公里[1],直径约25公里[6],或者27乘22乘18公里[11][13]。火卫一在火星上方约6000公里处运行[11][13],一天绕火星三圈[11][14]。
飞船、巡视器与航线
MMX由三个舱段组成:推进舱,带有着陆腿和采样装置、负责探测的舱段,以及返程用的返回舱[7][8][12][14]。发射时它重约4480公斤[12],长约9米[7]。火箭采用H3-24L构型,装两台LE-9主发动机、四个固体助推器和加长型整流罩[12]。这是H3的第10次发射[1]。抵达火星后,MMX将进入准卫星轨道,与火卫一同步绕火星运行,看上去像在绕着这颗卫星转圈[1][7][8]。
重25公斤的IDEFIX巡视器由法国国家空间研究中心(CNES)和德国航空航天中心(DLR)联合研制,计划在2028年底或2029年初释放[1][3][7]。它在火卫一上的重量约为15克[7][14]。
MMX携带13台科学仪器:相机、激光雷达、光谱仪[6][8]。采样时先用加压气体喷射吹起表面尘埃,再用取芯器钻入约2厘米深[6][14]。
日本为什么要试
隼鸟2号在2020年12月带回了龙宫的物质[3][6]。俄罗斯的福布斯-土壤号2011年发射,却始终没能点火飞向火星[6][8]。H3火箭2023年首飞失败,2025年12月再次失败,这是它七次飞行中的第二次失利,后来查明是整流罩分离出了问题[3][11]。MMX是H3的首次行星际任务[11]。火星窗口每26个月打开一次,JAXA准备了10月21日至11月9日的备份发射机会[3][12]。
接下来会发生什么
MMX将在火星系统停留约三年[1][4]。主飞船预计2029年前后着陆采样,2030年离开,2031年在澳大利亚投下返回舱[3][4][6][13]。
在那只返回舱被打开之前,起源问题不会有答案。
资料来源
40- 01Japan launches historic MMX sample-return mission to Mars' moon Phobos (video)EN
- 02Japan's audacious sample-return mission to the Mars moon Phobos has made it to the launch padEN
- 03Japan launches mission to return first samples from Mars' moon PhobosEN
- 04Japan launches sample-return mission to Mars's moon PhobosEN
- 05Japan's MMX will land on Mars's moon Phobos and bring 10 grams back to EarthEN
- 06Japan's MMX mission aims to swipe soil samples from Mars' moon PhobosEN
- 07Japan launches mission to bring home a piece of the Martian moon PhobosEN
- 08Japan Launches MMX Spacecraft to Collect Samples From Mars' MoonEN
- 09Japan prepares world-first mission to bring back samples from Mars moon PhobosEN
- 10Japan launches historic mission to collect samples from Mars moon PhobosEN
- 11Japan Launches Mars Mission. Here's What Happens NextEN
- 12The MMX mission launches to Mars’ moons on Monday - EarthSkyEN
- 13JAXA Launches MMX Mission: 10g From Phobos by 2031 [2026] - shattered.ioEN
- 14Japan's MMX Mission 2026: Is Mars's largest moon, "Phobos" hiding a secret? Know launch date, time and how to watch liveEN
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