俄罗斯袭击变电站后,乌克兰核电站削减发电量
乌克兰能源部11月4日表示,俄罗斯袭击损坏了变电站,限制了电网输送核电站电力的能力,核电站因此削减了发电量。该部没有给出损失的发电量数字,也没有点名哪些核电站。

这次削减发生在11月3日袭击之后。能源部长杰尼斯·什梅加尔说,俄罗斯派出三架无人机,飞向对赫梅利尼茨基核电站稳定运行至关重要的变电站。据IntelliNews报道,该核电站有两座反应堆,装机容量约2000兆瓦。据《乌克兰真理报》报道,什梅加尔说:“此类行为不仅威胁乌克兰,也威胁整个欧洲的核安全。”他说,乌克兰已通知国际原子能机构。
无人机袭击是一场更大规模空袭的一部分。EU Today援引乌克兰当局的说法称,这次空袭动用了289架无人机、59枚巡航导弹和17枚弹道导弹,主要针对能源目标。Fakti.bg报道同一晚动用了310架无人机。第一副能源部长阿尔乔姆·涅克拉索夫说,袭击限制了系统输送核电站所发电力。哈尔科夫州实施了紧急停电。文尼察、日托米尔、扎波罗热、基洛沃格勒、哈尔科夫和赫尔松等州的部分用户断电。能源部说,首都地区情况最糟。该部说,大多数地区实行了按小时停电计划和工业用电限制。DTEK表示,紧急停电可能在一小时内多次实施和解除,因为袭击后电网状况变化很快。
变电站受损为何会削减核电发电量
即使反应堆没有被击中,变电站受损也会让核电站无法向电网供电。据乌克兰国际文传电讯社7月报道,乌克兰国家核电公司运营着九台机组,总装机容量7880兆瓦,约占1月冬季高峰负荷18吉瓦的44%。据拉祖姆科夫中心的数据,6月核电占乌克兰发电量的53%至55%。把反应堆接入系统的750千伏变电站使用的电压在欧洲并不常见,欧洲大多数输电线路的运行电压为400千伏或更低,因此替换设备难找,备件库存也很少。
削减发电量也能保护机组。核电站承担基荷,无法快速改变出力,而受损电网上的电力过剩可能使机组跳闸,之后需要几天才能重启,乌克兰设施平台的亚历山大·维济尔在10月警告说。2月7日,为核电站供电的变电站遭袭,迫使所有核电站脱网,造成最高达8吉瓦的电力缺口,约相当于当时用电量的一半。乌克兰国家电力公司负责人维塔利·扎伊琴科后来说,那次袭击一度使核电发电量减少约50%。这是目前可用的最接近的参照,用来衡量当前风险有多大,而不是对本次削减幅度的度量。
接下来会发生什么
能源部说,发电量只会逐步恢复正常。抢修人员正在修复受损网络。最大的私营能源公司DTEK说,其旗下有三座火电厂在11月3日完全停止运行,这减少了原本可以用来弥补核电缺口的发电能力。
乌克兰国家核电公司负责人帕夫洛·科夫托尼乌克7月说,主要任务是在供暖季之前的11月中旬让所有机组满功率运行。当前的削减正好落在这个时间窗口内。能源部没有说明核电站何时恢复额定出力,这取决于抢修人员多快能到达受损地点,以及下一轮空袭是否会先到。
资料来源
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